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Palestinians Mourn Death of Yasser Arafat; WWI: The Final Hours

Aired November 12, 2004 - 13:30   ET

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.


KYRA PHILLIPS, CNN ANCHOR: Now, back to one of the major stories that we're covering today, the burial of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. Tens of thousands of people stormed his compound in Ramallah to pay their last respects. But it was a much calmer just scene hours earlier in Cairo, Egypt, the site of Arafat's military funeral.
CNN's Ben Wedeman reports.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

BEN WEDEMAN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): A funeral with many of the trappings of state for a leader who never realized his lifelong dream of a state. Dignitaries from around the Arab world and beyond rushed to Cairo to attend the hastily organized military funeral. Representing countries which, over the years, clashed with Yasser Arafat in the course of his decades-long quest for Palestinian statehood. The ceremony was brief, a last chance to pay respects to a man who, to enemies and friends alike, was larger than life.

TERJE (ph) LARSEN, U.N. SPECIAL ENVOY TO MIDDLE EAST: I think first and foremost Arafat was and will stay forever the symbol of Palestinian identity. He's more important for Palestinians than their flag, than the national anthem.

WEDEMAN: The rare glimpse of Yasser Arafat's nine-year-old daughter, Zahwa, on the tarmac with her mother, Suha. Significant for their absence were ordinary Egyptians who were barred from the event, officially for security reasons.

(on camera): But observers believe Egyptian authorities were anxious to avoid a massive outpouring of grief and sympathy for a Palestinian leader many Arabs had came to view as something of a folk hero.

Ben Wedeman, CNN, Cairo.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

PHILLIPS: Well, it's long after dark in the West Bank now, but crowds of mourners are still passing the compound where the late Yasser Arafat lived his last years. The body of the Palestinian leader was buried in Ramallah with flags, flowers and his head trademark sofia (ph) head covering atop the casket. Supporters brought buckets of soil from Jerusalem, which they poured into Arafat's grave. Palestinian officials hope the Ramallah site is temporary, and that their leader will one day be buried in Jerusalem. Middle East watchers are pondering what's next without Yasser Arafat. Jim Clancy joins me now. He's an anchor, widely traveled correspondent for CNN International. He's closely covered the Middle East for many, many years. Interesting you were telling me about Arafat's last words.

JIM CLANCY, CNN INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: That's right, we asked Saeb Erakat today, what were Yasser Arafat's last words. And this is what he had to say. He said that before he left Ramallah to go to treatment in France, he said, don't worry, I will be back. And perhaps he did not see the end coming. That might have been reflected then when he held a conversation with Palestinian officials, specifically the finance minister, just before he slipped into a coma in that hospital, outside Paris. Yasser Arafat telling him, it's Ramadan, make sure you pay people their salaries, worried about the administrative affairs of state until the very last moment.

PHILLIPS: Sort of ironic, the end of Ramadan, his death. It's sort of eerie how those two kind of coincided. You know, we've talked so much about the funeral, all the support that he's had and rallies, and the demonstrations, and we've talked so much about that for days and why he was revered. But have we discussed enough in depth about why he was reviled and the whole terrorist attachment to him?

CLANCY: Well, I think, you know, he was reviled in the very beginning by the Israeli side, because he did defy all conventional wisdom that said there wasn't a Palestinian people. He stood up, he changed that. That was his real contribution. That's why you saw the people pouring out this day.

But he also had the fatal flaw of turning to militancy again when he had given up the gun for the olive branch, when tried to negotiate, shoot the hand of Yitzhak Rabin and went forward in the peace process.

Only at the end, and not because he spurned the offer at Camp David, not just because of that, he didn't have that counter offer, even though negotiations continued, but the Palestinians went back on the course of violence. And that destroyed the legacy.

You know, he once told me -- I was riding with him on his private jet and he once told me, I said how do you want to be remembered? And he said as a peacemaker. He didn't get his wish. He didn't fulfill his mission, because he will not be remembered as a peacemaker. And that's interesting, because you look at the ways he tried to make peace. When you look at extremism you wonder is that ever -- you see what's happening even in Iraq. I mean, extremism it is not the way to peace. Obviously, we've seen that.

Let's talk about that, because this is a test now as you move forward. Arafat representing the soft of revolutionary victimhood, military approach to peace, and now you want more of a responsible democratic, legitimate government. I mean, this has been a war within both worlds. Is that possible? Can it take that next step and go that route now that he has passed?

CLANCY: It's possible. Anything is possible, I think. And I think the Palestinians are determined that they get there. They're determined, first, to have some of their institutions of democracy in place. Yasser Arafat isn't going to be replaced, not one person, not by three people, but instead the institutions of democracy.

But key to all of this is how the U.S., and Israel, for that matter, are going to deal with the Palestinians, and what signs will they give them to support their legitimate call for the armed groups to step aside and let them try the peace process once more. Key to all this is going to be a freeze on settlements.

PHILLIPS: Perfect segue. Let's listen to what the president of the United States had to say to day when that question was addressed to him.

CLANCY: Would he stop settlements, right?

PHILLIPS: Right.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

GEORGE W. BUSH, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: The responsibility for peace is going to rest with the Palestinian people's desire to build a democracy and Israel's willingness to help them build a democracy. I know we have a responsibility as free nations to set forth a strategy that will help the Palestinian people head toward democracy. I don't think there already ever lasting peace until there is a free, truly democratic society in the Palestinian territory that becomes as state.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

CLANCY: All right now, I didn't hear settlements.

PHILLIPS: Did he answer the question?

CLANCY: No, he didn't answer the question. And here's what's disturbing, the question is about his own road map to peace. The road map to peace calls for a freezing of settlements. The president was there asked very pointedly, will you freeze settlements? For some reason, he didn't want to directly answer it, but the Palestinians, whoever takes over the role of Yasser Arafat as president, prime minister, whatever, they're going to need a sign from the Israeli side, and from the Americans, a sign that says, if we negotiate, we're not going to lose more territory.

The real fear is with the Gaza plan, thousands have settlers have pulled out of Gaza. They were given stipends, anywhere from $300,000 to $500,000 per family. Just like many of them moved from the Sinai to Gaza, they will move from Gaza to the West Bank. And the Palestinians hopes for a state in Gaza and the West Bank will be destroyed by that. The U.S. needs to support its own peace plan to support any Palestinian leader that would come along and try to turn all of this around from violence to a peaceful, real negotiation. It's not between Israelis and the Israeli hardline, but between Palestinians and Israelis.

PHILLIPS: It will be interesting to see how Mahmoud Abbas, also known as Abu Mazen, will go forward from here.

CLANCY: Well, remember, he was alongside Arafat for years.

PHILLIPS: Telling him to stop.

CLANCY: Top-level aides told me before they went to Washington, before they signed on the White House lawn, Abu Mazen went to Yasser Arafat, he said, look, we're old, we lead off this far, let's step off the stage, let the younger people do this. Yasser Arafat would have none of it, would have absolutely none of it. Abu Mazen didn't perhaps want to be where he is today, but he's perhaps one of the most important people that there is in that Palestinian Authority.

PHILLIPS: We'll be watching him.

Jim Clancy, thanks so much.

TONY HARRIS, CNN ANCHOR: And news around the world now. The Colombian government declares a public calamity in the wake of severe flooding, triggered by torrential rains. Thousands have been driven from their homes in Cartagena (ph), and street parades marking independence from Spain have been canceled. But the city is going forward with plans to host the Miss Columbia Beauty Contest.

Bill Clinton and Tony Blair witnesses for the defense. Former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic, wants the former U.S. president and the current British prime minister to be subpoenaed to testify at his war crimes trial at The Hague before Christmas. But the head of the U.N. tribunal says Milosevic must first prove that their evidence would be relevant to his case before he even considered the request.

PHILLIPS: Talk about so many wars, whether it is in the Middle East, in Iraq, in Israel. And then out of the final hours of World War I came one of the most unbelievable stories of any war.

CNN's Beth Nissen has the story of why the dying didn't stop, straight ahead.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

PHILLIPS: Well, it was called at the time the war to end all wars. And of course, it wasn't. World War I ended this week in 1918. One theater, four years of brutal combat, millions of casualties. Armistice Day is celebrated in this country as a triumph of diplomacy and military might. But a newly published book sheds some harsh light on the final hours of that war.

Beth Nissen reports.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

BETH NISSEN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): November 11, 1918, Armistice Day. Cheering crowds on five continents celebrated the end of the great war, four years of fighting so bloody, few words in the human vocabulary can describe it. JOSEPH PERSICO, HISTORIAN: The casualties are stupefying. We just can't grasp them in human terms. Seven million of the wounded are permanently blinded, disfigured, lose limbs. Nine million are killed.

NISSEN: Nine million. The story of the last few thousand of those lost is one of the most appalling of this or any war. Historian Joseph Persico has written a detailed account of the great war's last today.

PERSICO: The armistice is signed 5:00 on the morning of November 11. It is agreed that it will take force at 11:00 that morning. And what happens during those six hours? Senseless killing.

NISSEN: Some allied officers, determined to take every last shot at the enemy, deliberately withheld news of the armistice from their men. Those offices officers included this young American artillery captain.

PERSICO: Harry S. Truman does not tell his men for that very reason. He's afraid that they will just unwind, and they still have got a job to do until 11:00.

NISSEN: Other ambitious generals, eager for a last shot at personal glory, ordered their troops to fight their way into terribly they could have walked into peacefully just hours later.

At dawn on the 11th, American General Charles Summerall ordered the 5th Army Corps to cross the Miers (ph) River under heavy German fire. The cost, 1,000 Doughboys wounded, 120 killed on the last morning of the war.

At 10:00 a.m., only an hour before the war's end, the all-black 92nd Infantry Division was ordered to leave a wooded area they held and make a full frontal assault on the Germans.

PERSICO: They're going to attack into machine gunfire and the reaction among these men was absolute horror.

NISSEN: The cost, 190 casualties. All along the western front, allied troops were ordered to keep fighting a war they'd already won.

PERSICO: The loss of life on this last day was inexplicable and indefensible. There are 10, 900 casualties; 2,700 men die on the last day of the war.

NISSEN: A number of deaths greater than those recorded on D-Day. In the fields across from the great war, historians find lessons, the need to plan for a war's end, an especially complex challenge in modern wars.

PERSICO: The frustrating thing is that there have not been clear-cut, decisive ends to them. They seem to either peter out. They're ragged. They leave resentful and bitter remnants, and this is what we're seeing in Iraq today.

NISSEN: Another lesson: Know exactly why you're fighting.

BEYER: The Tommies, the British soldiers, they would sing to the melody of "Auld Lang Syne." "We're here because we're here because we're here because we're here." And throughout four years, there never seemed to be a better reason.

NISSEN: And the overriding lesson, constantly calculate costs. Can the losses of a platoon, a division, a generation bring real and long-term gains? They didn't in World War I. Just 20 years later, the world was fighting again.

PERSICO: One can reach a rather grim conclusion that, what do wars teach us? What are the lessons of war? The major lesson appears to be that no lesson is ever learned.

NISSEN: Beth Nissen, CNN, New York.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

HARRIS: Delta's pilots have agreed to take a major pay cut.

PHILLIPS: Got to be a hard thing to do. Rhonda Schaffler joining us live from the New York Stock Exchange with more. Hi, Rhonda.

(STOCK MARKET UPDATE)

HARRIS: Rhonda, thank you.

PHILLIPS: Coming up in the second hour of LIVE FROM, he is wearing combat boots and he's not taking them off.

HARRIS: We'll introduce you to a senator from Pennsylvania who is making a fashion statement in honor of the men and women serving in Iraq.

PHILLIPS: LIVE FROM's hour of power begins right now.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

TO ORDER A VIDEO OF THIS TRANSCRIPT, PLEASE CALL 800-CNN-NEWS OR USE OUR SECURE ONLINE ORDER FORM LOCATED AT www.fdch.com


Aired November 12, 2004 - 13:30   ET
THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
KYRA PHILLIPS, CNN ANCHOR: Now, back to one of the major stories that we're covering today, the burial of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. Tens of thousands of people stormed his compound in Ramallah to pay their last respects. But it was a much calmer just scene hours earlier in Cairo, Egypt, the site of Arafat's military funeral.
CNN's Ben Wedeman reports.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

BEN WEDEMAN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): A funeral with many of the trappings of state for a leader who never realized his lifelong dream of a state. Dignitaries from around the Arab world and beyond rushed to Cairo to attend the hastily organized military funeral. Representing countries which, over the years, clashed with Yasser Arafat in the course of his decades-long quest for Palestinian statehood. The ceremony was brief, a last chance to pay respects to a man who, to enemies and friends alike, was larger than life.

TERJE (ph) LARSEN, U.N. SPECIAL ENVOY TO MIDDLE EAST: I think first and foremost Arafat was and will stay forever the symbol of Palestinian identity. He's more important for Palestinians than their flag, than the national anthem.

WEDEMAN: The rare glimpse of Yasser Arafat's nine-year-old daughter, Zahwa, on the tarmac with her mother, Suha. Significant for their absence were ordinary Egyptians who were barred from the event, officially for security reasons.

(on camera): But observers believe Egyptian authorities were anxious to avoid a massive outpouring of grief and sympathy for a Palestinian leader many Arabs had came to view as something of a folk hero.

Ben Wedeman, CNN, Cairo.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

PHILLIPS: Well, it's long after dark in the West Bank now, but crowds of mourners are still passing the compound where the late Yasser Arafat lived his last years. The body of the Palestinian leader was buried in Ramallah with flags, flowers and his head trademark sofia (ph) head covering atop the casket. Supporters brought buckets of soil from Jerusalem, which they poured into Arafat's grave. Palestinian officials hope the Ramallah site is temporary, and that their leader will one day be buried in Jerusalem. Middle East watchers are pondering what's next without Yasser Arafat. Jim Clancy joins me now. He's an anchor, widely traveled correspondent for CNN International. He's closely covered the Middle East for many, many years. Interesting you were telling me about Arafat's last words.

JIM CLANCY, CNN INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: That's right, we asked Saeb Erakat today, what were Yasser Arafat's last words. And this is what he had to say. He said that before he left Ramallah to go to treatment in France, he said, don't worry, I will be back. And perhaps he did not see the end coming. That might have been reflected then when he held a conversation with Palestinian officials, specifically the finance minister, just before he slipped into a coma in that hospital, outside Paris. Yasser Arafat telling him, it's Ramadan, make sure you pay people their salaries, worried about the administrative affairs of state until the very last moment.

PHILLIPS: Sort of ironic, the end of Ramadan, his death. It's sort of eerie how those two kind of coincided. You know, we've talked so much about the funeral, all the support that he's had and rallies, and the demonstrations, and we've talked so much about that for days and why he was revered. But have we discussed enough in depth about why he was reviled and the whole terrorist attachment to him?

CLANCY: Well, I think, you know, he was reviled in the very beginning by the Israeli side, because he did defy all conventional wisdom that said there wasn't a Palestinian people. He stood up, he changed that. That was his real contribution. That's why you saw the people pouring out this day.

But he also had the fatal flaw of turning to militancy again when he had given up the gun for the olive branch, when tried to negotiate, shoot the hand of Yitzhak Rabin and went forward in the peace process.

Only at the end, and not because he spurned the offer at Camp David, not just because of that, he didn't have that counter offer, even though negotiations continued, but the Palestinians went back on the course of violence. And that destroyed the legacy.

You know, he once told me -- I was riding with him on his private jet and he once told me, I said how do you want to be remembered? And he said as a peacemaker. He didn't get his wish. He didn't fulfill his mission, because he will not be remembered as a peacemaker. And that's interesting, because you look at the ways he tried to make peace. When you look at extremism you wonder is that ever -- you see what's happening even in Iraq. I mean, extremism it is not the way to peace. Obviously, we've seen that.

Let's talk about that, because this is a test now as you move forward. Arafat representing the soft of revolutionary victimhood, military approach to peace, and now you want more of a responsible democratic, legitimate government. I mean, this has been a war within both worlds. Is that possible? Can it take that next step and go that route now that he has passed?

CLANCY: It's possible. Anything is possible, I think. And I think the Palestinians are determined that they get there. They're determined, first, to have some of their institutions of democracy in place. Yasser Arafat isn't going to be replaced, not one person, not by three people, but instead the institutions of democracy.

But key to all of this is how the U.S., and Israel, for that matter, are going to deal with the Palestinians, and what signs will they give them to support their legitimate call for the armed groups to step aside and let them try the peace process once more. Key to all this is going to be a freeze on settlements.

PHILLIPS: Perfect segue. Let's listen to what the president of the United States had to say to day when that question was addressed to him.

CLANCY: Would he stop settlements, right?

PHILLIPS: Right.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

GEORGE W. BUSH, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: The responsibility for peace is going to rest with the Palestinian people's desire to build a democracy and Israel's willingness to help them build a democracy. I know we have a responsibility as free nations to set forth a strategy that will help the Palestinian people head toward democracy. I don't think there already ever lasting peace until there is a free, truly democratic society in the Palestinian territory that becomes as state.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

CLANCY: All right now, I didn't hear settlements.

PHILLIPS: Did he answer the question?

CLANCY: No, he didn't answer the question. And here's what's disturbing, the question is about his own road map to peace. The road map to peace calls for a freezing of settlements. The president was there asked very pointedly, will you freeze settlements? For some reason, he didn't want to directly answer it, but the Palestinians, whoever takes over the role of Yasser Arafat as president, prime minister, whatever, they're going to need a sign from the Israeli side, and from the Americans, a sign that says, if we negotiate, we're not going to lose more territory.

The real fear is with the Gaza plan, thousands have settlers have pulled out of Gaza. They were given stipends, anywhere from $300,000 to $500,000 per family. Just like many of them moved from the Sinai to Gaza, they will move from Gaza to the West Bank. And the Palestinians hopes for a state in Gaza and the West Bank will be destroyed by that. The U.S. needs to support its own peace plan to support any Palestinian leader that would come along and try to turn all of this around from violence to a peaceful, real negotiation. It's not between Israelis and the Israeli hardline, but between Palestinians and Israelis.

PHILLIPS: It will be interesting to see how Mahmoud Abbas, also known as Abu Mazen, will go forward from here.

CLANCY: Well, remember, he was alongside Arafat for years.

PHILLIPS: Telling him to stop.

CLANCY: Top-level aides told me before they went to Washington, before they signed on the White House lawn, Abu Mazen went to Yasser Arafat, he said, look, we're old, we lead off this far, let's step off the stage, let the younger people do this. Yasser Arafat would have none of it, would have absolutely none of it. Abu Mazen didn't perhaps want to be where he is today, but he's perhaps one of the most important people that there is in that Palestinian Authority.

PHILLIPS: We'll be watching him.

Jim Clancy, thanks so much.

TONY HARRIS, CNN ANCHOR: And news around the world now. The Colombian government declares a public calamity in the wake of severe flooding, triggered by torrential rains. Thousands have been driven from their homes in Cartagena (ph), and street parades marking independence from Spain have been canceled. But the city is going forward with plans to host the Miss Columbia Beauty Contest.

Bill Clinton and Tony Blair witnesses for the defense. Former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic, wants the former U.S. president and the current British prime minister to be subpoenaed to testify at his war crimes trial at The Hague before Christmas. But the head of the U.N. tribunal says Milosevic must first prove that their evidence would be relevant to his case before he even considered the request.

PHILLIPS: Talk about so many wars, whether it is in the Middle East, in Iraq, in Israel. And then out of the final hours of World War I came one of the most unbelievable stories of any war.

CNN's Beth Nissen has the story of why the dying didn't stop, straight ahead.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

PHILLIPS: Well, it was called at the time the war to end all wars. And of course, it wasn't. World War I ended this week in 1918. One theater, four years of brutal combat, millions of casualties. Armistice Day is celebrated in this country as a triumph of diplomacy and military might. But a newly published book sheds some harsh light on the final hours of that war.

Beth Nissen reports.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

BETH NISSEN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): November 11, 1918, Armistice Day. Cheering crowds on five continents celebrated the end of the great war, four years of fighting so bloody, few words in the human vocabulary can describe it. JOSEPH PERSICO, HISTORIAN: The casualties are stupefying. We just can't grasp them in human terms. Seven million of the wounded are permanently blinded, disfigured, lose limbs. Nine million are killed.

NISSEN: Nine million. The story of the last few thousand of those lost is one of the most appalling of this or any war. Historian Joseph Persico has written a detailed account of the great war's last today.

PERSICO: The armistice is signed 5:00 on the morning of November 11. It is agreed that it will take force at 11:00 that morning. And what happens during those six hours? Senseless killing.

NISSEN: Some allied officers, determined to take every last shot at the enemy, deliberately withheld news of the armistice from their men. Those offices officers included this young American artillery captain.

PERSICO: Harry S. Truman does not tell his men for that very reason. He's afraid that they will just unwind, and they still have got a job to do until 11:00.

NISSEN: Other ambitious generals, eager for a last shot at personal glory, ordered their troops to fight their way into terribly they could have walked into peacefully just hours later.

At dawn on the 11th, American General Charles Summerall ordered the 5th Army Corps to cross the Miers (ph) River under heavy German fire. The cost, 1,000 Doughboys wounded, 120 killed on the last morning of the war.

At 10:00 a.m., only an hour before the war's end, the all-black 92nd Infantry Division was ordered to leave a wooded area they held and make a full frontal assault on the Germans.

PERSICO: They're going to attack into machine gunfire and the reaction among these men was absolute horror.

NISSEN: The cost, 190 casualties. All along the western front, allied troops were ordered to keep fighting a war they'd already won.

PERSICO: The loss of life on this last day was inexplicable and indefensible. There are 10, 900 casualties; 2,700 men die on the last day of the war.

NISSEN: A number of deaths greater than those recorded on D-Day. In the fields across from the great war, historians find lessons, the need to plan for a war's end, an especially complex challenge in modern wars.

PERSICO: The frustrating thing is that there have not been clear-cut, decisive ends to them. They seem to either peter out. They're ragged. They leave resentful and bitter remnants, and this is what we're seeing in Iraq today.

NISSEN: Another lesson: Know exactly why you're fighting.

BEYER: The Tommies, the British soldiers, they would sing to the melody of "Auld Lang Syne." "We're here because we're here because we're here because we're here." And throughout four years, there never seemed to be a better reason.

NISSEN: And the overriding lesson, constantly calculate costs. Can the losses of a platoon, a division, a generation bring real and long-term gains? They didn't in World War I. Just 20 years later, the world was fighting again.

PERSICO: One can reach a rather grim conclusion that, what do wars teach us? What are the lessons of war? The major lesson appears to be that no lesson is ever learned.

NISSEN: Beth Nissen, CNN, New York.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

HARRIS: Delta's pilots have agreed to take a major pay cut.

PHILLIPS: Got to be a hard thing to do. Rhonda Schaffler joining us live from the New York Stock Exchange with more. Hi, Rhonda.

(STOCK MARKET UPDATE)

HARRIS: Rhonda, thank you.

PHILLIPS: Coming up in the second hour of LIVE FROM, he is wearing combat boots and he's not taking them off.

HARRIS: We'll introduce you to a senator from Pennsylvania who is making a fashion statement in honor of the men and women serving in Iraq.

PHILLIPS: LIVE FROM's hour of power begins right now.

(COMMERCIAL BREAK)

TO ORDER A VIDEO OF THIS TRANSCRIPT, PLEASE CALL 800-CNN-NEWS OR USE OUR SECURE ONLINE ORDER FORM LOCATED AT www.fdch.com