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CNN Student News

Aired February 22, 2002 - 04:30   ET

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.

THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
ANNOUNCER: You're watching "CNN STUDENT NEWS" seen in schools around the world because learning never stops and neither does the news.

MICHAEL MCMANUS, CO-HOST: It's the end of the week here on "CNN STUDENT NEWS". It's also the end of President Bush's Asian tour. We'll talk about his final stop in our "Lead Story." Moving on to our "News Focus," we examine the reasons why we hate. You'll hear about a destructive force known as racism. Later in "Perspective," get acquainted with Trumpet Award recipient Andrew Young. Then, travel to Africa for a lesson in the art of hair braiding.

Welcome to "CNN STUDENT NEWS" for Friday. I'm Michael McManus.

U.S. President Bush wraps up his six-day, three-nation tour of Asia. During the last leg of his visit Mr. Bush spoke with Chinese President Jiang Zemin in Beijing. The two leaders outlined points of agreement, including the economy, environmental protection and law enforcement.

But as CNN's John King reports, there were also some long- standing disagreements that couldn't be ignored.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

JOHN KING, CNN WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): It is the U.S.-China summit bridged in symbolism, and talk of stability in an often rocky relationship, but a cooperative tone does not guarantee progress. President Bush wanted a new Chinese pledge to curve military exports to Iran and others, but there was no deal, only hope.

GEORGE W. BUSH, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: My government hopes that China will strongly oppose the proliferation of missiles and other deadly technologies. The symbolism was in the timing.

KING: Mr. Bush arrived in Beijing on the 30th anniversary of President Nixon's groundbreaking trip to establish U.S. China ties. For all the change since, old differences remain.

BUSH: No nation is exempt from the demands of human dignity. All of the world's people, including the people of China, should be free to choose how they live, how they worship and how they work.

KING: President Jiang Zemin twice ignored questions from U.S. reporters about china's lack of religious freedom, and the jailings of Catholic bishops.

Later, he did answer.

JIANG ZEMIN, CHINESE PRESIDENT (through translators): Some of the lawbreakers have been detained because of their violation of law, not because of their religious belief.

KING: Mr. Bush looked on intently as his host turned personal.

ZEMIN (through translator): I don't have religious faith, yet this does not prevent me from having interest in religion. I have read the bible. I have also read the Koran, as well as scriptures of Buddhism.

KING: Both leaders were determined to highlight areas of agreement, and play down other big differences. Mr. Bush, for example, did not answer directly when asked about Taiwan's potential role in a U.S. missile defense system. And Mr. Jiang made his views clear, but politely so, when asked about tough U.S. posture toward Iraq, and North Korea, and whether the United States should fear China's economic progress.

ZEMIN (through translator): Do not do onto others what you would not like others to do unto you. Even if China becomes more developed in the future, it will not go for bullying or threatening other countries.

KING: Both said relations are on the upswing, despite the difference?

(on camera): Even the scheduling underscores the goal of stability and continuity as china prepares for a leadership change. Not only will President Jiang come to the United States this fall, but his heir apparent, Vice President Hu Jintao, will sit down with Mr. Bush here in Beijing and also come calling on the White House himself before the year is out.

John King, CNN, Beijing.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

MCMANUS: Attending the meetings in Beijing between President Bush and Chinese President Jiang Zemin is a man named Hu Jintao. Why is his inclusion in the session so important?

CNN's Beijing Bureau Chief Jaime FlorCruz explains.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

JAIME FLORCRUZ, CNN BEIJING BUREAU CHIEF (voice-over): President George W. Bush greeted by President Jiang Zemin and a beeline of China's movers and shakers. One politician stands out, Vice President Hu Jintao, No. 5 in the top leadership, now tapped to succeed Jiang and lead China into the 21st century.

But who is Hu? Unlike the flamboyant Jiang, Hu is low-key, almost bland.

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT: Vice President Hu Jintao is very much like myself, we're more serious. We're more -- we're more serious in manner -- in manner.

FLORCRUZ: Hu is what communists call both red and expert, a university trained engineer with good party credentials. He proved his communist mettle 13 years ago when he ran Tibet, one of the country's most challenging posts, with an iron fist.

WENFANG TANG, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH: He cracked down on the Tibetan dissident movement in 1989, and he gained his reputation during that time and he became a member of the party bureau -- a standing (UNINTELLIGIBLE) of the party bureau in 1992.

FLORCRUZ: Although Hu has been on the fast track for nearly a decade, he still needs to emerge from Jiang's shadow. That process started last November when he went on a two-week tour of European capitals. Hu stood with British and Russian leaders in support of the war against terrorism, an attempt to boost his image as a world class statesman.

TANG: Personal chemistry matters in high-level leadership interaction. He's going to continue to have a good relationship with the United States, take -- he's going to take China-U.S. (ph) relations as the top priority of China's foreign policy.

FLORCRUZ: But he'll be confronting world class problems at home.

MURRAY SCOT TANNER, WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY: Hu Jintao is going to face a number of challenges because of the repaid decay of this political system. I'm talking about corruption, indiscipline, lawlessness, a society that is changing and less and less tolerant of being repressed.

FLORCRUZ: He also faces potential rivals like Zeng Qinghong, President Jiang's alter ego who controls personnel matters.

Hu and his generation came of age during the tumultuous Cultural Revolution over 30 years ago. Historically, they prefer stability over innovation.

TANG: As a fifth generation leader, he's going to symbolize more continuity of the current policy and he has to be assured that he's going to be -- he's capable of doing that.

(on camera): Like most of the new generation of Chinese leaders, Hu has not been fully tested in the political infighting and diplomatic brinkmanship. But at 59, he has one key asset on his side, his relative youth.

Jaime FlorCruz, CNN, Beijing.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

MCMANUS: President Bush's trip to China came exactly 30 years after President Richard Nixon made a historic first visit there.

CNN's Bruce Morton looks at how U.S.-China relations have benefited from that famous trip to the communist country.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

BRUCE MORTON, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): Ping-pong came first, then the secret visit by Henry Kissinger, who faked illness during a stop in Pakistan and flew to Beijing.

HENRY KISSINGER, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE: We didn't even know who to approach in China.

MORTON: And then it happened: no aides to clutter the picture, Richard Nixon, leader of the free world in that Cold War time, shaking hands with Chinese Prime Minister Chou En-lai. A meeting later with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, in poor health. Some late moments touring the Great Wall -- and it is, Nixon assured his hosts, a great wall. Mrs. Nixon went to the zoo and the Chinese gave America two pandas.

But the point was power -- bringing China into the world as a way of limiting the Soviet Union's reach.

BATES GILL, BROOKINGS INSTITUTE: And the fact that he made this dramatic decision to try to reconfigure the balance of power in the international system, and draw China out of its cultural revolution isolation, was truly remarkable.

MORTON: It worked. Detente with the Soviet Union followed. Other U.S. presidents went to China, Deng Xiao Ping liberalized China's economic policies. Human rights, ups and downs. Tiananmen's Square in 1989, arrests of Falun Gong members. But the two countries have kept talking.

Secretary of State Colin Powell first visited in 1973, a few months after Nixon, as a young lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. He talked about the relationship in Shanghai last fall.

COLIN POWELL, SECRETARY OF STATE: If there is a basis of trust, if there is a common understanding of each other's interests, we can pursue those areas where we have an agreement, and make good things happen. And when we disagree, we can disagree openly and candidly, face to face.

GILL: The past 30 years have witnessed a dramatic transformation, not only of U.S.-China relations, but even more significantly, inside China.

MORTON: Per capita income then, $130. Now $846. Chinese students in the U.S., hardly any then. Fifty-four thousand now. Probably only a conservative president could have made the trip without suffering politically at home. Nixon's people called it then the "week that changed the world." And it really did. Bruce Morton, CNN, Washington.

(END VIDEOTAPE) MCMANUS: In "Chronicle" today, hate. Sociologists say it's a basic human emotion, as much a part of our psyche as the ability to love.

Jim Bittermann examines why humans tend to hate other people and whether there's any way to rationalize this behavior.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

JIM BITTERMANN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): When futurists, such as Stanley Kubrick or George Orwell have set out to portray the constants in human behavior, they recognize hatred between tribes as the inspiration for the very first use of weapons. And hatred between nations as reason to use most sophisticated weapon of all, control over the human mind.

"Everyone hates," one author wrote. "Only liars say otherwise." But hating a group is different from hating an individual. When you hate an individual, you know exactly why. The motives for racism are rarely specific, and frequently not even personal.

Hatred of entire race of people, sociologist say, grows from just a few roots. It can stem from fear, such as competition for jobs, housing, land or political power, or it can come from ignorance, the blind distrust of someone who is difference, who acts talks, dresses or appears unfamiliar, or it can arise out of tribalism, the passionate identification of one group to the disdain of others.

As the essayist Detofoe (ph) noted, shared hatred can lay the foundation for shared power.

More often than not, however, racial hatred evolves from than one, if not all three of these roots. And now modern science is also playing a role.

(on camera): Recent genetic research shows human beings to more alike than different, in fact, genetically, 99.99 percent alike. And while the scientist can not yet point to specific gene, if there is one, which might cause someone to become racist, they nonetheless worry exacting research which can spot our minute differences could one day be used to define and discriminate.

(voice-over): With or without the help of science, racism has proven to be the most destructive forces known to man, a force that has staying power. Remember how they said after World War II, never again? Yet from Mississippi to Rwanda, the last half of century has been full of racist outbreaks. And racial hatred is too a force that when released can not easily be contained. The Nazis didn't stop with the Jews; they put to death Gypsies and homosexuals as well. And if Hitler's writing are to be believed, had the Nazis prevailed, they would have turned on the Slavs and perhaps even their fellow Western Europeans.

In the end, when psychologist analyze the reasons for hate, they conclude that while it may be rationale to hate someone who directly threatens you or who has done you harm, it is totally irrational for a racist to hate someone he may never meet.

Jim Bittermann, CNN, Paris.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

MCMANUS: Kidnapped journalist Daniel Pearl is dead. "The Wall Street Journal" reporter disappeared January 23. He had been on his way to interview a Muslim fundamentalist leader in Pakistan. A senior U.S. administration official say law enforcement received a videotape that led them to believe Pearl is dead. Thirty-eight-year-old Pearl leaves behind a wife, Marianne, who had been pleading for her husband's release. She is pregnant with their first child.

ANNOUNCER: Exploring our world, here now is "CNN STUDENT NEWS" "Perspectives."

MCMANUS: Our profile of Trumpet honorees begins with a man whose resume should read simply born leader. He's a former U.N. ambassador, a former congressman and a former mayor of Atlanta, Georgia. He's also known as one of the most peaceful civil rights activists in modern times.

We now introduce you to a man who has dedicated his life to the betterment of others. He says it all began just after college graduation, with a trip up a mountain and a mountaintop experience.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

ANDREW YOUNG, TRUMPET AWARD NOMINEE: Looking out from a mountaintop, everything seems to have meaning, everything seemed to fit, to have some purpose. And I couldn't imagine a universe that didn't have a purpose for me. I started looking for the purpose and meaning in my life.

LEON HARRIS, CNN ANCHOR: His mountaintop revelation led Andrew Young to the ministry.

YOUNG: And I see religion very simple, it's about feeding the hungry and clothing the naked, healing the sick. And I try to do that through breaking down the walls racially.

HARRIS: His elementary school was known as the bucket of blood. He was a rich kid who had to walk through several tough neighborhoods to get to school.

YOUNG: That's where I became an ambassador because you learn that you can run, you can fight or you can negotiate.

HARRIS: The civil rights movement found Andy negotiating to get demonstrators out of jail, reasoning with angry racist crowds and getting the message heard. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. called Andy Young his negotiator. He also called him his friend.

CORETTA SCOTT-KING: I noticed how supportive he was of Martin and how Martin used him as a sounding board for his ideas. And I thought how fortunate and blessed he was to have an Andy Young. HARRIS: After the assassination, Andy unselfishly gave his time and support to Mrs. King.

On January 3, 1973, Andrew Young became the first African- American Congressman from Georgia since Reconstruction. His skills as a negotiator became apparent to his boss. In 1977, President Carter appointed Andrew Young United States Representative to the United Nations.

YOUNG: I got passionate about making this city work and about getting a bureaucracy to really function and serve all of its citizens.

HARRIS: With Andrew Young as mayor, Atlanta became, indisputably, an international city. While mayor, a group of dreamers had an idea and sought his advice.

With his international view and understanding of how the leadership around the world functions, Andrew Young called on his contacts around the globe and presented Atlanta's case. The rest is history.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The International Olympic Committee has awarded the 1996 Olympic Games to the City of Atlanta.

HARRIS: Today, Andrew Young has moved from public servant to private citizen, but the lines are blurred. He is still in the business of service, working with South African orphans afflicted with the AIDS virus, bringing help to war torn Angola. If there's a need, Andrew Young will try to find a way to address it.

YOUNG: And frankly, when you understand the workings of God in the universe and how all of that happens or expresses itself through our political system, then, as I said in my book, it's a burden but it's an easy burden.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

MCMANUS: President Bush is seeking a commitment from China not to arm nations he's branded as "evil."

In our "Week in Review," Joel Hochmuth looks at some of the meetings Mr. Bush had this week and how three words he spoke and three nations he pinpointed affected those meetings.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

JOEL HOCHMUTH, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): It was a phrase heard round the world. In the most memorable moment from his State of the Union speech, President Bush singled out Iraq, Iran and North Korea as nations that support terrorism.

GEORGE W. BUSH, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil -- evil -- evil. HOCHMUTH: Three weeks later, those words are still ruffling feathers internationally, especially among those who understand them to be fighting words. The remark overshadowed much of Mr. Bush's trip to Asia this week. His first stop was Japan, a visit designed to help boost that country's sagging economy. Instead, Mr. Bush found himself trying to clarify exactly what he meant without actually repeating the dreaded "E" (ph) word.

BUSH: They should make no mistake about it, that we will defend our interests, and I will defend the American people.

HOCHMUTH: The phrase "axis of evil" seems overly provocative to many in Japan which lies just across the Sea of Japan from North Korea. Japan's Prime Minister publicly put the best spin on the remark.

JUNICHIRO KOIZUMI, JAPANESE PRIME MINISTER (through translator): The expression "axis of evil" I believe reflects the firm resolve of President Bush and the United States against terrorism. President Bush, I believe, has been a very calm and cautious vis-a-vis Iraq, Iran and North Korea.

HOCHMUTH: Reaction on the street in South Korea, Mr. Bush's next stop, was far less polite.

JEONG HYUN, ANTI-BUSH PROTESTOR: We are not happy with Bush, the president of USA, because (UNINTELLIGIBLE) North Korea as an "axis of evil." We are thinking that "axis of evil" is president of the United States, Bush.

HOCHMUTH: Many South Koreans, of course, want to see the divided peninsula reunited and fear President Bush's rhetoric has damaged chances for that. He met with South Korean President Kim Dae-Jung who has long pursued a so-called Sunshine Policy with the North stressing talk over confrontation. It was another stop, another explanation.

BUSH: Some in this country are -- obviously have read about my very strong comments about the nature of the regime. And let me explain why I made the comments I did. I love freedom. I understand the importance of freedom in people's lives. I am troubled by a regime that tolerates starvation. I worry about a regime that is closed and not transparent.

HOCHMUTH: While Mr. Bush expressed support for South Korea's diplomatic efforts, experts disagree whether his "axis of evil" remark has complicated prospects for talks.

LAWRENCE EAGLEBURGER, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE: I would admit it's made it somewhat harder, but I need to qualify that by saying I think that to imagine that North and South Korea can ever become more than dangerous enemies is going to be -- is imagining a great deal.

SAMUEL BERGER, FORMER U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER: I think that we stand to gain more by pursuing the opportunity to negotiate down the threat than to simply threaten implicitly preemptive action against North Korea. HOCHMUTH: In China, Mr. Bush appeared to back away still further from the possibility of preemptive action, at least in North Korea. Meeting with President Jiang Zemin, Mr. Bush requested his help in setting up talks.

BUSH: If he speaks to the leader of North Korea, he can assure him that I am sincere in my desire to have our folks meet. My point is that not every theater in the war against terror need to be resolved with force, some theaters can be resolved through a diplomacy.

HOCHMUTH: Is the Bush administration sending mixed signals? That's a matter of interpretation. Clearly that simple phrase "axis of evil" still means different things to different people.

Joel Hochmuth, "CNN STUDENT NEWS".

(END VIDEOTAPE)

MCMANUS: Our Asian odyssey continues now with a look at studying abroad. More and more U.S. students are finding that China is simply the place to be. To some, studying books isn't enough, they want to see what life and culture is like firsthand. We take a look now at one teenager and her eye-opening experiences.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

FLORCRUZ (voice-over): Dodging bikes and cars, Jeni Mattingly is learning the art of harmonious coexistence. She is one of a growing colony of young Americans who are learning China's history and culture.

JENI MATTINGLY, STUDENT: When I first got here, I was a little nervous, you know, because going to China.

FLORCRUZ: Instead of a police state, she finds a society that has cast off old stereotypes and is embracing consumerism. With help from her foster family, she is learning to speak in the right tone and write in neat strokes, tools which giver her a close-up look at this society.

JEFF BISSELL, DIRECTOR, SCHOOL YEAR ABROAD: And over time they realize that this is just another place you know where people get up, eat breakfast, go to work and they become acclimated and suddenly it's -- you know it feels like home.

FLORCRUZ: But sharing one roof can lead to cultural clashes.

MATTINGLY: My host mom who knocks on the door, immediately opens the door, and it's funny because sometimes it scars me, and they're like, oh, I'm so sorry.

FLORCRUZ: Although she likes Chinese food, her foster parents have had to adapt to her eating habits.

JENI'S DAD (through translator): Jeni does not like eating leftovers so now we just cook half the chicken and refrigerate the other half for the next meal.

FLORCRUZ: Meeting halfway has meant bliss, a useful lesson for two nations that have locked horns for so many years. These goodwill ambassadors grew closer after Jeni's foster father saw the terrorism of September 11 on TV.

JENI'S DAD (through translator): I told her bin Laden is an evildoer and you Americans should get rid of him.

FLORCRUZ: For 16-year-old Jeni, much of China and the world is revealed while crossing a street.

MATTINGLY: It's just like you go with like you know when everyone is going. Everything is more like I -- like laid back, and I've really learned to be, you know, more patient and understanding. I'm like this is what it's like to not be understood, you know.

FLORCRUZ (on camera): More and more young Americans are investing in careers related to China. They understand the growing importance of knowing the language, culture and mindset of one of the most dynamic and complex nations.

Jaime FlorCruz, CNN, Beijing.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

MCMANUS: Culture spans a wide variety of customs. Today, we get to the root of one of those. Have you ever heard of cornrows, twists or dreadlocks? Each is a type of hair braiding, a skill that's become a big business venture for some women in Africa.

Our Student Bureau has the report.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

IYEWU OSUNDE, CNN STUDENT BUREAU (voice-over): Hair braiding. Hair braiding among Nigerian women is very common. It has become a thriving business in Lagos. There are different styles, types of braiding and different locations. This group of hair braiders work under the Ecata Bridge (ph) in Lagos, Nigeria. It's a busy place. There are traders who are also trying to sell their wares.

On a typical day, as many as 15 stylists can be seen in this open-air market. The clients are from different social classes, but they all come here to get their hair done. There are several braiding styles, each with its own name.

(on camera): Even though some of the Nigerian hair braiders work in open-air markets and under difficult circumstance, they still seem to satisfy every customer.

Iyewu Osunde, CNN Student Bureau, Lagos, Nigeria.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) ONSCREEN: "Where in the World?"

A new Constitution adopted in 1999.

Suffers from periodic droughts.

Most populous country on the continent.

Can you name this country?

Nigeria.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

MCMANUS: We've reached the end of our broadcast.

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