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CNN STUDENT NEWS for 04/11
Aired April 11, 2002 - 04:30 ET
THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
ANNOUNCER: You're watching CNN STUDENT NEWS seen in schools around the world because learning never stops and neither does the news.
SHELLEY WALCOTT, CO-HOST: Time for another edition of CNN STUDENT NEWS. Today, we focus on the GEO politics of the Middle East crisis. Moving from Israel to Russia, we "Chronicle" the international education of some U.S. exchange students. Up next, we get out of the classroom and into a cave for an environmental headline. Last but certainly not least, can you guess today's final destination?
Welcome to CNN STUDENT NEWS. I'm Shelley Walcott.
Secretary of State Colin Powell is a man on a mission. He's been trying desperately this week to ease tensions between Israel and the Palestinians and work toward a cease-fire. The ongoing violence, however, is making his job extremely challenging. Today, Powell heads to Jerusalem. He plans to meet with both Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.
Our Joel Hochmuth has more on Powell's efforts, his upcoming talks and the ground he's covered so far.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
JOEL HOCHMUTH, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): Secretary of State Colin Powell is getting a big boost from the international community as he heads to the Mid East. At a stop in Spain Wednesday, officials from the United Nations, the European Union and Russia gave their blessing to his trip in search of peace. Together with the U.S., the so-called quartet of countries and organizations issued a statement saying there is no military solution to the Israeli- Palestinian conflict.
KOFI ANNAN, U.N. SECRETARY-GENERAL: Believing that there has been too much suffering and too much bloodshed, we call on the leaders of Israel and the Palestinian Authority to act in the interest of their own people, the region and the international community and to immediately halt the senseless confrontation.
HOCHMUTH: Specifically, the group is calling on Israel to immediately halt its military operations, to immediately withdrawal from Palestinian cities and from around Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat's headquarters.
At the same time, this so-called quartet is calling on Arafat to immediately demonstrate maximum effort to stop terror attacks against Israeli civilians. Powell calls such violence counterproductive.
COLIN POWELL, U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE: It does not lead to the vision that the Palestinian people have of a state where they can live side by side in peace with Israel. What we have to see now is an end to the violence. With whatever title you want to give to that violence, it's violence nonetheless, and it is totally destabilizing the region and it is destroying that vision.
HOCHMUTH: So far there's no sign either side is listening. For the most part, Israeli tanks remain in place throughout the West Bank, although late Wednesday there was word Israeli forces were withdrawing from three small villages.
Israeli leader Ariel Sharon remains as defiant as ever. He spoke to a group of Israeli soldiers at the Jenin refugee camp.
ARIEL SHARON, ISRAELI PRIME MINISTER: One must understand that that is our right and it is (ph) possibility to defend the lives of our citizens, and not to put any pressures upon us. In order to do this work that these wonderful soldiers and commanders are doing and you help (ph) about those better seal (ph), they (ph) have to be able to continue and finish this struggle.
HOCHMUTH: Sharon's remarks come on the heels of yet another suicide bombing targeting Israelis. This one killed at least 8 commuters and wounded at least 14 others on a bus just outside Haifa. Despite the attack, Powell says his trip is not in jeopardy and he's going ahead with plans to meet with Arafat.
POWELL: I believe it is important for me to meet with Chairman Arafat. He's the leader of the Palestinian people, and I think the Palestinian people and the Arab leaders with whom I've met over the last several days believe that he is the partner that Israel will have to deal with at some point.
HOCHMUTH: While Sharon has said such a meeting would be a tragic mistake, sources say the Israeli government has given a green light. Powell is expected to meet Arafat at Arafat's compound Saturday after meeting with Sharon on Friday.
This is shaping up as the most challenging mission of Powell's diplomatic career. There are no easy answers, a lesson a long list of Powell's predecessors has already learned.
More on that from Bruce Morton.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
BRUCE MORTON, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): Here they come; there they go: American secretaries of state -- Colin Powell now -- shuttling through the Middle East. Kissinger, Haig, Vance, Christopher, Shultz, the rest, shaking hands talking diplotalk. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
WARREN CHRISTOPHER, SECRETARY OF STATE: I think we all realize that only through negotiations...
(END VIDEO CLIP)
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: To do all we can to move this process forward.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
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MADELEINE ALBRIGHT, SECRETARY OF STATE: I have a sense that there is a desire to seize the moment.
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MORTON: Hard to seize though.
CLOVIS MAKSOUD, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY: Well, at times, it's motion without movement.
MORTON: The professionals have a phrase for it.
MARTIN INDYK, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION: If you don't visit the Middle East, it will end up visiting you.
MORTON: Henry Kissinger brokered some effective truces after the 1973 war. Cyrus Vance, Jimmy Carter's secretary of state, had a real breakthrough: the agreement between Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel's Menachem Begin, which returned the Sinai to Egypt.
James Baker arranged the Madrid peace conference, which led to -- well, it's hard to remember what it led to. Warren Christopher made a couple of dozen trips to the region. His successor...
INDYK: Secretary Albright didn't want to do what Secretary Christopher did, so she tried to avoid going for a while, but ended up getting caught up in it. And I suspect exactly the same thing will happen to Secretary Powell.
MORTON: The United States keeps trying, maybe because there isn't anybody else.
MAKSOUD: The pivotal role that the United States plays is because of a sort of vicarious veto that Israel does not allow anybody else but the United States to have some influence on its behavior pattern.
MORTON: And, of course, because it seems so awful, U.S. governments keep thinking there must be a way to make it better. There just must. INDYK: Even though there is a sense of hopelessness at the moment, there is, still underneath it all, an aspiration of people on both sides to a more peaceful future.
MORTON: And yet, and yet -- A "New York Times" headline in 1982 read: "The Mideast: A Personal Test for" then Secretary Alexander Haig. Twenty years later, only the names have changed.
Bruce Morton, CNN, Washington.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
WALCOTT: With six million people and a legacy of ethnic- religious conflict, Israel may seem like a big place. But in reality, the country's entire landmass could fit comfortably in the state of New Hampshire.
CNN's Bill Schneider gives us a geography lesson on this little nation's big differences.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
WILLIAM SCHNEIDER, CNN SENIOR POLITICAL ANALYST (on-camera): This deadly conflict has been going on for over 50 years, longer than the Cold War. What's it all about? Real estate, a very small piece of real estate.
(voice-over): Two peoples, one land. How much land? Let's take the whole of Israel in the West Bank and Gaza and fly it overseas, dropping it on top of the United States. It's not much bigger than the state of New Hampshire. Now, compare the populations. Israel, the West Bank and Gaza nearly 10 million people. New Hampshire? Just slightly more than a million. Big difference. About the same small amount of land as New Hampshire, but eight times as many people, fighting over it.
If you separate the territories Israel captured in 1967, Israel is even smaller than New Hampshire. The whole country is less than 300 miles from north to south. At its widest, just 85 miles across. At its narrowest, Israel is about eight miles wide, eight miles.
GEORGE W. BUSH, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: For a Texan, a first visit of Israel is an eye-opener. The narrowest point, it's only eight miles from the Mediterranean to the Old Armistice Line. That's less than from the top of the bottom to Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport.
SCHNEIDER: Within those pre-1967 borders, including Jerusalem, Jews make up 80 percent of the population. One-fifth of Israel citizens are Arabs. The West Bank and Gaza are overwhelmingly Arab. Add them in and Jews make up only a bear majority of the overall population.
Now, consider this -- the birth rate among Israeli Jews is 2.6 children per family. That's high by U.S. and European standards. For Israeli Arabs, the birth rate is more than four children. For Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza, the birth rate soars, an average of six children. At that rate, Arabs will outnumber Jews in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza by the year 2020, which is one reason why many Israelis have come to favor a separate Palestinian state.
Israel is a democracy and if it has a majority Arab population, it cannot remain a Jewish state for long.
(on-camera): But if Israel withdraws to its 1967 borders, as Arab states demand, can the security of such a tiny state be defended against the overwhelming population of the Arab world? Imagine if the rest of the U.S. were to declare war on New Hampshire.
Bill Schneider, CNN, Washington.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
WALCOTT: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has spanned decades and crossed borders. Over the past week or so, guerrillas in southern Lebanon have fired rockets into Israel and also yesterday at the Golan Heights.
As Jason Bellini reports, these attacks threaten to widen the current war.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
JASON BELLINI, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): Along the fence separating Lebanon from Israel, a dangerous game: Israeli Defense Force says Hezbollah fighters make the sporadic, but increasingly frequent attacks on IDF positions in Israeli kibbutzim on the border.
United Nations patrols the Lebanese side.
My translator is told everything is fine here.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (UNINTELLIGIBLE) We can sleep well tonight.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: You sure? You promise?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: What's your name?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (UNINTELLIGIBLE)
BELLINI: The gunfire in the direction of kibbutz like this one is raising alarm among people who live in this part of Israel.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We believe that they try either to take the gate which is near us.
BELLINI: At another kibbutz down the road, residents were forced to take cover for a few hours Sunday... ... after the Israeli military says Hezbollah guerrillas fired rockets into the area. It was first time since Israel withdraw from Lebanon. All bomb shelter doors are now open indefinitely.
(on camera): The dirt road behind me is border between Israel and Lebanon; it's also the property line of Kibbutz (UNINTELLIGIBLE). The road is freshly plowed to monitor for Hezbollah footprints, and an Israeli Defense Force surveillance balloon keeps an open eye for Hezbollah movements on the Lebanese side.
What happens along this fence could provoke a wider war. Israeli officials have said they will hold Syria, the sponsor of the Hezbollah guerrillas, responsible.
What would it take to escalate the situation?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Listen, right now there have been more and more fire incidents across the border every day. I would say if the firing continues, and if we have casualties -- and especially if there are any kind of heavily casualties, God forbid -- I don't see anyway that the IDF will be able to hold back anymore.
I can say it's totally a place where we're not supposed to be, but I am going to try to bring you right next to the border, where you can see the sign for it, until somebody starts yelling at us. So come a little closer.
BELLINI: The IDF spokesman wants me and a small pack of other journalists to see just how restrained the IDF has been. A Hezbollah flag waves just across the fence that separates Lebanon from Israel. A poster on the other side shows a mutilated soldier, killed in past Lebanon fighting: a warning for the Israeli military to stay away.
There is a predictability to Hezbollah's attacks on Israeli fortifications. The exchange of artillery begins each day at about 4:00 p.m. The IDF says it's reaching its limit.
And so the border begins to look more and more like a front line: a good fence in a violent neighborhood.
Jason Bellini, CNN, on the Israeli-Lebanese border.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
WALCOTT: So when you think of Russia, what comes to mind? Well for some, perhaps, stereotypical images, cold weather, men in big hats, military marches through Moscow. But these images don't do justice to how everyday Russians really live as some exchange students from the United States recently found out.
CNN Moscow bureau chief Jill Dougherty has the story.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
JILL DOUGHERTY, CNN MOSCOW BUREAU CHIEF (voice-over): A late- night arrival in Moscow. Twelve exchange students from a Massachusetts prep school are about to meet their host families and confront their ideas about Russia.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I was told it was very cold, the food wasn't good. I was told that I should be very, very careful in the streets.
DOUGHERTY: Welcome to the new Russia, where for these Americans, one of the most surprising things is how they feel so much at home.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Different museums, excursions. Moscow, bowling center. They'll love it.
DOUGHERTY: The music is the same. But at this pizza party, the Russian kids dance. The Americans hang out.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: They're just like us. Just like...
DOUGHERTY (on camera): Like what?
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I mean, they don't think about what people is thinking. I mean, they think alike. They're themselves, I like this.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I whole family is awesome. The parents don't speak much English, and I don't speak amazing amounts of Russian. But there is just something there where we, like, get along.
DOUGHERTY (voice-over): This exchange between Buckingham Brown & Nichols school and Moscow's English language school number 1232 began in 1989. Since then, more than 100 students from each country have spent two weeks seeing how other teenagers live and study, and answering a ton of questions.
I'd never been to America, so I asked, what about life, about housing there, cities, everything. About the things they like, the music they listen to.
DOUGHERTY (on camera): Even in the course of just two weeks, these American and Russian students often find their views of each other and their countries turned upside down.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: It's much more exciting than the U.S.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: It's not that cold. The food is fine. And I've had a really -- overall, a really good experience here.
DOUGHERTY (voice-over): Thirty-three years ago, Alexandria Vershbow, a graduate of the prep school, came to Russia on another exchange program. He's now the U.S. ambassador to Russia.
ALEXANDER VERSHBOW, U.S AMBASSADOR TO RUSSIA: We have to change attitudes, get rid of old stereotypes. And I think it's exchanges like this, more than anything else, that help do that.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: What's your favorite food?
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Do you like Britney Spears? UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Yes.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: We are all one generation. And we are -- our generation will be building the future together.
DOUGHERTY: Building a future, one friend at a time.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Please get on the bus, OK? We're going to miss our flight.
DOUGHERTY: Jill Dougherty, CNN, Moscow.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
ANNOUNCER: Exploring our world, here now is CNN STUDENT NEWS "Perspectives."
WALCOTT: A 40,000-year-old discovery in the Russian arctic has scientists very excited. They found a tusk that once belonged to an ice age icon. Thing is, it wasn't just any tusk.
Elina Fuhrman has more on the find and what it says about the story of our planet and our human ancestors.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
ELINA FUHRMAN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): After years and years of digging, Russian archeologists came across a discovery they least expected here in the frigid north, an ancient mammoth tusk and quite a few bones.
"What's interesting about this tusk is that it has deliberate human-made marks," says this archeologist, "marks now covered with ordinary (ph) deposit. It is very old. See, it has many teeth sockets."
Based on the number of teeth, scientists say the animal lived until it was 20. And dating the tusk, it appears the first modern humans lived in the arctic at least 15,000 years earlier than previously thought. It had generally been considered that humans couldn't live that far north, and the region where the bones were found was not occupied by humans until the final stage of the last ice age some 13,000 to 14,000 years ago.
But the antiquity of the discovery was not the only surprise.
MIKHAIL ANIKOVISH, ARCHEOLOGIST (through translator): We've learned that mammoths were not hunted in the way we used to think. Ancient hunters did not use trap pits to kill them, I'm entirely confident of that. We also know there was indeed a period when an entire culture grew up in the central western part of Europe that was based on mammoths, where mammoths provided all of their needs.
FUHRMAN: Mammoth bones were used to build human houses. Archeologists say they found 26 construction layers from successive historical periods. The walls are still sturdy some 40,000 years later.
Elina Fuhrman, CNN.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
WALCOTT: In today's "Science Report," a cave at the center of a battle between environmentalists and city officials in Spencer, Tennessee. That's right, a cave. It's one of the most unique of its kind on Earth, but it's also in the route of a planned sewage system and that's creating a political stink.
Natalie Pawelski has the story.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
NATALIE PAWELSKI, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice over): A small hollow under a rock is the hidden gateway to Tennessee's Rumbling Falls Cave, home of one of the underground world's star attractions, the second biggest cave chamber ever discovered in the United States.
JUDY TAICAS, WORLD WILDLIFE FUND: I think that it compares to the Grand Canyon, Yellowstone Park, those kind of places that really have the wow factor. When you look at pictures of it, it is just incredible. It takes your breath away.
PAWELSKI: They call it the Rumble Room, five acres across and 250 feet high. Only expert cavers can manage the treacherous approach, navigating 200 foot drops and squeezing through passages that narrow to just one foot across. But the cave may also be vulnerable, because of a river running through it.
The topside town of Spencer plans to dump treated sewage into that river from a soon to be opened wastewater treatment plant, the Mayor says, is desperately needed.
MAYOR TERRY CRAIN, SPENCER, TENNESSEE: There was a septic tank survey done in our town by the State of Tennessee, and they found that 45 percent of the residents' septic systems were failing, and 75 percent of the businesses were failing.
PAWELSKI: The same geology that allows for spectacular caves, also means septic systems don't really work here. Backyards are dotted with puddles of raw sewage, leaking from septic tanks.
Spencer's a small relatively poor town, and it took years to come up with the money to build this new sewage treatment plant. In the middle of the process, news of the spectacular cave broke. The State of Tennessee said it made sure the plant is state of the art. It says the outflow will not hurt the cave.
SAYA QUALLS, TENNESSEE DIVISION OF WASTE POLLUTION CONTROL: What we're talking about is a wastewater that is just extremely clean and will not even come close to causing harm. We don't think that it will cause much of a change at all.
PAWELSKI: But the new plant is expected to boost the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus in the river by about 10 percent.
QUALLS: Our biologists generally don't think that a 10 percent difference is going to cause a significant change in the cave system or in any system for that matter.
PAWELSKI: Cavers and environmentalists are not so confident.
TAICAS: The cave creatures will likely die, because they will not be able to adapt to the treatment plant.
PAWELSKI (on camera): A few months back, a biologist took a quick survey of life inside Rumbling Falls Cave. He found a couple dozen species of cave-dwelling animals. Now that may not sound like a lot but the biologist called it globally significant.
(voice-over): The species are small and strange, like this blind crayfish that can live to be 120 years old. It can't even begin to reproduce until age 30. There are also endangered animals, creatures found in only one or two caves in the world.
TAICAS: All these things that the creatures kind of are very adapted to living in this very unique niche that they have, is going to change, which means that they will not be able to survive. They will not be able to adapt for the new environment.
PAWELSKI: Tennessee's governor is trying to help find a way to reroute the treated sewage somewhere else, but with the wastewater treatment plant scheduled to go online in a matter of weeks, time for finding a solution that works perfectly for the world above and the world below is running out.
Natalie Pawelski, CNN, Spencer, Tennessee.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
WALCOTT: The opening of the wastewater treatment plant is currently on hold. City officials and environmentalists sit down for more talks on the future of the cave on April 15.
Our look at natural wonders continue now, this time above ground, far above. A bright comet has zoomed into the Earth's view for a short time only. Named after the two amateur astronomers who first spotted it in February, the comet is moving at more than 10 miles per second.
Ann Kellan has more.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
ANN KELLAN, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): Comet Ikeya-Zhang is a bright comet worth checking out. Scientists think it last flew by earth about 350 years ago.
STEVE MARAN, NASA GOODARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER: At one time or another, through the month of April, people -- most places on earth where they have a dark sky should see the comet. But it's a lot easier for us up in the northern hemisphere, because it will be moving progressively north.
KELLAN (on camera): Now to catch a glimpse of the comet, you want to go outside just as the sun is setting. And you want to face the setting sun. Now just after the sun sets, you want to look low in the horizon. You'll see two twinkling stars and Mars. Mars is a reddish color. And you'll also see the comet.
Now if you're lucky enough and the sky is clear enough, you might catch a glimpse of the comet's tail.
(voice-over): Steve Maran recommends for the best view, get away from city lights and use 7 by 50 binoculars.
MARAN: They're good for sweeping around for the comet. And they give you a better view, actually, than a big telescope.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I think I see something.
KELLAN: Comet Ikeya-Zhang could be the brightest comet to come our way since Hale-Bopp five years ago. Maran recommends you do what many did then, join a viewing party through amateur astronomy clubs, science museums or planetariums.
To learn more about these dirty snowballs, a NASA mission called Star Dust is heading to a comet now to retrieve particles from its tail. Scientists think comets include frozen remnants of our early solar system. And in the distant past, may have hit the earth seeding our oceans with water. Around April 4, comet Ikeya-Zhang moves to the morning sky and for most of April, can be seen just before dawn.
Ann Kellan, CNN, Washington.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
WALCOTT: And throughout this month, you should be able to see the comet just before dawn.
April 11, 1970, Apollo 13 launches to the moon.
WALCOTT: Shuttle Atlantis is docked with the International Space Station. It arrived Wednesday carrying almost a billion dollars worth of construction materials. The crews of the shuttle and the space station will begin installing the parts today.
Obviously the U.S. space program has grown tremendously over the decades. In fact, it was 32 years ago today that NASA was making its third attempt to put man on the moon, the Apollo 13 launch. But it was a mission that would go down in history.
CNN Student Bureau explains.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
SIR BLACK, CNN STUDENT BUREAU (voice-over): Failure is not an option is a bold and inspiring statement that accurately reflects the attitude of NASA's Mission Control. Former director of Flight Operations Gene Kranz defines what this means.
GENE KRANZ, FORMER NASA FLIGHT DIRECTOR: You have to establish a frame of mind that is absolutely positive, one that cannot be defeated. And the best way to express that I will never surrender attitude is failure is not an option.
BLACK: It is also the name of his book in which he describes his experience as an assistant flight director during Project Mercury, America's first success in placing a man in orbit.
Kranz moved into the flight director's role during NASA's Gemini missions where NASA perfected long-duration space flight, docking and rendezvous. He also led the landing phase of the Apollo 11 Mission in which Astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon.
But Gene Kranz is best known for the Apollo 13 mission in which he and NASA's Mission Control helped safely bring back three U.S. astronauts from near death after an explosion of an oxygen tank on their spacecraft.
BLACK (on camera): Once the explosion had occurred, many critical decisions had to be made. Kranz explains how the decision to return the astronauts to Earth was made.
KRANZ: And I had two options to get me back to Earth. One option, if I would jettison the lunar module and use the big engine, I could come around in front of the moon and I could be home in 30 hours. The other option, I had to go completely around the moon. It was going to take me five days and I had only two days of electrical power with nothing but a gut feeling.
BLACK (voice-over): The decision to go around the moon was made by Kranz, and it proved to be the right one. This never surrender attitude of Gene Kranz and NASA's Mission Control is illustrated in the Ron Howard film "Apollo 13" as actor Ed Harris portrays Kranz.
ED HARRIS, ACTOR: I want this mark all the way back to Earth with time to spare. We never lost an American in space. We're sure as hell not going to lose one on my watch. Failure is not an option.
BLACK (on camera): The motto lives on with NASA today as they continue to explore the final frontier with the space shuttle and International Space Station.
Reporting from the Johnson Space Center Mission Control room, Sir Black, CNN Student Bureau, Houston, Texas.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
"Where in the World" located in southwestern Europe, its government is a parliamentary monarchy, expelled the Moors and unified in 1492? Can you name this country? Spain.
WALCOTT: And that wraps up another edition of STUDENT NEWS. We'll catch you back here tomorrow. Bye-bye. TO ORDER A VIDEO OF THIS TRANSCRIPT, PLEASE CALL 800-CNN-NEWS OR USE OUR SECURE ONLINE ORDER FORM LOCATED AT www.fdch.com
